I'm back from a really long break! I finally quit my job that required me to work almost 100 hours a week and flew off to Fremont, California. Now, after adjusting to the culture and climate for 2 weeks, i'm back in the game!
Today, I am finishing up parallelism, apparently the GMAT's favourite grammar topic according to MGMAT.
Below is the summary from Chapter 4. Also, i've created another post just for subordinate clauses since I'm not very familiar with it.
- Logically
then
- Structurally
(Superficial Vs Actual Parallelism)
Parallel Markers
1. And
2. Both/And
3. Or
4. Either/Or
5. Not/But
6. Not only/Also
7. Rather than
8. From/To
10. More/Than
11. Between/and
Watch out for linking verbs (e.g. To Be)
Idioms with built-in Parallel Structure
12. Act as
13. As, So
14. Compared to
15. In contrast to
16. Declare
17. Develops into
18. Differs from
19. Distinguish X from Y
20. Estimate X to be Y
21. X Instead of Y
22. X is known to be Y
23. X is less than Y
24. Make X y
25. Mistake X for Y
26. Not Only X, but also Y
27. Regard X As Y
28. X is the Same As Y
29. X is good, and So Too is Y
30. X, Such As Y
31. Think of X as Y
32. X is Thought to Be Y
33. View X as Y
34. Whether X Or Y
Parallel Elements
- Nouns, adjectives, verbs, infinitives, participles (-ing), prepositional phrases, subordinate clauses
Other rules
- Verb/verb forms can have more than one word (can be split apart so first word counts across all elements)
- Clauses should start with same word (and do not over-shorten)
- Lists with And
- Long groups of words with and (e.g: clauses)
- Create clear hierarchy
- Repeat words
- Add commas
- Flip lists so longest item is last
- Must start with the SAME relative pronoun!
Concrete Nouns and Action Nouns
Concrete Nouns: things, people, places, and even time periods or certain events
Action Nouns: often formed from verbs (eruption, pollution, nomination)
ING verbs use as nouns = gerunds
Simple Gerunds
- Nouns on the outside, verbs on the inside
- Example:
Tracking him down takes time
Something takes time
Complex Gerunds
- Nouns through and through
- Often preceded by A, An and The (Articles) or adjectives
- Object placed in front of -ing form
- Put into an of-prepositional phrase
Simple Gerunds phrases are NEVER PARALLEL to complex gerund phrases
Concrete Nouns: things, people, places, and even time periods or certain events
Action Nouns: often formed from verbs (eruption, pollution, nomination)
ING verbs use as nouns = gerunds
Simple Gerunds
- Nouns on the outside, verbs on the inside
- Example:
Tracking him down takes time
Something takes time
Complex Gerunds
- Nouns through and through
- Often preceded by A, An and The (Articles) or adjectives
- Object placed in front of -ing form
- Put into an of-prepositional phrase
Simple Gerunds phrases are NEVER PARALLEL to complex gerund phrases
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